{"id":7951,"date":"2024-03-15T10:05:35","date_gmt":"2024-03-15T17:05:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jsis.washington.edu\/humanrights\/?p=7951"},"modified":"2026-05-04T10:02:58","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T17:02:58","slug":"nwdc-conditions-research-update-daniel-death-in-context","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jsis.washington.edu\/humanrights\/2024\/03\/15\/nwdc-conditions-research-update-daniel-death-in-context\/","title":{"rendered":"NWDC Conditions Research Update: Charles Leo Daniel\u2019s Death at NWDC in Context"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

This report is part of a series regarding Human Rights Conditions at the Northwest Detention Center<\/strong><\/a> in Tacoma, Washington, based on ongoing research efforts and released to highlight initial findings in the urgent context of the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/p>\n

Contents:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022 Introduction<\/a>
\n\u2022 Background, Methodology, and Human Rights Standards<\/a>
\n\u2022 Sanitation of Food and Laundry<\/a>
\n\u2022 Allegations of Medical Neglect<\/a>
\n\u2022 Use of Solitary Confinement<\/a>
\n\u2022 COVID-19 and Health Standards<\/a>
\n\u2022 Reporting of Sexual Assault and Abuse<\/a>
\n\u2022 Uses of Force and Chemical Agents<\/a>
\n\u2022 Patterns of Neglect in TPD Response to Abuse and Assault<\/a>
\n\u2022\u00a0NWDC’s Unenforced Contract<\/a>
\n\u2022 ICE Lowers Standards, Documents Reveal Gaps in Accountability for Sexual Abuse<\/a>
\n\u2022 Research Update: Three Years of Cleanliness Concerns, No Consequences<\/a>
\n\u2022 Research Update: Charles Leo Daniel\u2019s Death at NWDC in Context
\n<\/strong>\u2022 Research Update: Ongoing Concern for TPD Response to Crimes in Immigration Detention<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u2190 Previous section: Three Years of Cleanliness Concerns, No Consequences<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n

Charles Leo Daniel\u2019s Death at NWDC in Context<\/h1>\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n

According to published ICE data, Charles Daniel served the second-longest stretch in solitary confinement of any person in ICE custody since 2018, despite being identified by ICE as having significant mental illness. Between April 2020 and September 2023, he was held in solitary confinement for a total of 1244 days, divided among two stints. Of the ten longest placements in ICE solitary confinement in the nation between 2018 and 2023, five were at Tacoma\u2019s Northwest Detention Center, a private immigration prison operated by the GEO Group.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

On March 7, 2024, migrant justice advocates from the grassroots organization La Resistencia disclosed that a man detained in solitary confinement at ICE\u2019s Northwest Detention Center (NWDC)[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0had died, based on reports received from others within the facility[2]<\/sup><\/a>. ICE later confirmed that the man was 61-year-old Charles Leo Daniel, a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago[3]<\/sup><\/a>. In public statements, Tacoma Police indicated that the cause of death was unknown, and that they have handed responsibility for the investigation to ICE[4]<\/sup><\/a>. This raises important concerns about the independence and credibility of the investigation. This research update is intended to share what little is known about Daniel\u2019s death based on\u00a0UWCHR research on the NWDC<\/a>, and to place these facts in context for the public.<\/p>\n

We obtained the information presented here by cross-referencing multiple datasets the UWCHR has obtained from ICE in FOIA litigation \u2013 specifically, a dataset of national detention data[5]<\/sup><\/a>, and a collection of all I-213s (\u201cRecords of Deportable\/Inadmissible Alien\u201d)\u00a0issued by the agency in its Seattle Area of Responsibility\u00a0from\u00a01\/1\/2019 -3\/31\/2020[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 with a national dataset of solitary confinement data from 2018-2023 published in February 2024 by Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), in collaboration with scholars at Harvard Law School and Harvard Medical School, itself the result of FOIA litigation[7]<\/sup><\/a>. Although\u00a0personally-identifying\u00a0information is redacted in these datasets, by combining them we were able to identify specific records pertaining to Charles Daniel and obtain the information presented here.<\/p>\n

ICE documents about Daniel\u2019s immigration status indicate that he arrived in ICE custody on March 31, 2020, after serving a criminal sentence in the Washington State Department of Corrections. At the time of his death, he had been held in ICE detention for almost four years for overstaying the\u00a0B(1) visa on which he originally entered the U.S. in 2000.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Screenshot of Mr. Daniel’s I-213, released under FOIA.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/h2>\n

Solitary confinement[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/h2>\n

According to people detained with him, Daniel was in solitary confinement at the time of his death. UWCHR researchers were able to identify the specific records of Daniel\u2019s placement in administrative segregation among the\u00a0replication data<\/a>\u00a0published in February 2024 alongside the report\u00a0\u2018\u201cEndless Nightmare: Torture and Inhuman Treatment in Solitary Confinement in U.S. Immigration Detention”<\/a>\u00a0by Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), in collaboration with scholars at Harvard Law School and Harvard Medical School.[9]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Daniel\u2019s records reveal that he was held in solitary confinement for virtually the entirety of his nearly four years at the Northwest Detention Center. Starting two weeks after his arrival at the facility, he served two extraordinarily long stints in solitary confinement, interrupted only by two days among the NWDC\u2019s general population. The second of Daniel\u2019s stints in solitary had lasted 811 days at the time the data was released via FOIA in September of 2023,[10]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0and as such constituted the second-longest solitary placement in ICE detention in the nation during the period covered by the dataset,\u00a0despite the fact that\u00a0his case was flagged in ICE segregation records as \u201csignificant mental illness.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

In fact, that data reveals that of the ten individuals who served the longest periods in ICE solitary confinement across the nation, five were held at Tacoma\u2019s Northwest Detention Center.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

As UWCHR has previously reported,\u00a0<\/a>ICE\u2019s own data shows that Tacoma\u2019s Northwest Detention Center detained people longer, on average, in solitary confinement than any other dedicated ICE facility<\/a> in the nation. The more recent data released by PHR with its February 2024 report confirm that this trend of stays above the national average continues. In fact, that data reveals that of the ten individuals who served the longest periods in ICE solitary confinement across the nation, five were held at Tacoma\u2019s Northwest Detention Center. Of these, two cases had \u201cmental illness\u201d flags, and one \u2013 Daniel\u2019s \u2013 had a \u201cserious mental illness\u201d flag.<\/p>\n

Table 1: Top 10 longest reported solitary placements nationwide, Sept. 2018-Sept. 2023; Charles Daniel\u2019s second of two solitary placements at NWDC in row 2. Placements ongoing at the time of the dataset\u2019s release are noted with a plus (+) symbol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nCountry of Citizenship<\/strong><\/td>\nFacility<\/strong><\/td>\nLength of Stay (days)<\/strong><\/td>\nMental Illness<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nEL SALVADOR<\/td>\nTACOMA ICE PROCESSING CENTER (NORTHWEST DET CTR) (WA)<\/strong><\/td>\n817+<\/td>\nNA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nTRINIDAD AND TOBAGO<\/td>\nTACOMA ICE PROCESSING CENTER (NORTHWEST DET CTR) (WA)<\/strong><\/td>\n811+<\/td>\nSerious Mental Illness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nMEXICO<\/td>\nOTAY MESA DETENTION CENTER (SAN DIEGO CDF) (CA)<\/td>\n759<\/td>\nNone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nUZBEKISTAN<\/td>\nDENVER CONTRACT DETENTION FACILITY (CO)<\/td>\n727<\/td>\nNone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nHAITI<\/td>\nBUFFALO (BATAVIA) SERVICE PROCESSING CENTER (NY)<\/td>\n652<\/td>\nMental Illness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nGUATEMALA<\/td>\nTACOMA ICE PROCESSING CENTER (NORTHWEST DET CTR) (WA)<\/strong><\/td>\n637<\/td>\nMental Illness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nMEXICO<\/td>\nOTAY MESA DETENTION CENTER (SAN DIEGO CDF) (CA)<\/td>\n567<\/td>\nNone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nRUSSIA<\/td>\nTACOMA ICE PROCESSING CENTER (NORTHWEST DET CTR) (WA)<\/strong><\/td>\n559<\/td>\nNone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nMEXICO<\/td>\nTACOMA ICE PROCESSING CENTER (NORTHWEST DET CTR) (WA)<\/strong><\/td>\n550<\/td>\nMental Illness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nRUSSIA<\/td>\nKROME NORTH SERVICE PROCESSING CENTER (FL)<\/td>\n534+<\/td>\nNone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

At the Northwest Detention Center from September 2018 to September 2023, reported stays in solitary averaged almost 59 days, compared to a national average placement length of 27 days (figures include solitary placements that were ongoing at the time of release of data).[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

The prolonged use of solitary confinement constitutes a particularly grave violation of human rights according to the\u00a0UN Standards of Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners<\/a>, known as the \u201cNelson Mandela Rules,\u201d which state that, \u201cIn no circumstances may restrictions or disciplinary sanctions amount to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The following practices, in particular, shall\u00a0be prohibited: (a) Indefinite solitary confinement; (b) Prolonged solitary confinement. Prolonged solitary confinement is defined\u2026 as solitary confinement for\u00a0a time period\u00a0in excess of 15 consecutive days.\u201d[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

ICE policies also call attention to the importance of avoiding extended stays in segregation. ICE\u2019s\u00a02013 segregation directive<\/a>, which remains in force today despite the agency\u2019s 2021 commitment to update it by August 2022[13]<\/sup><\/a>, mandates a detailed system of reporting and reconsidering solitary placements by agency leadership at both the Field Office and, in cases of detained persons with special vulnerabilities, national headquarters level[14]<\/sup><\/a>. In part, it reads \u201cAs extended segregation should be used\u00a0only\u00a0when necessary, after engaging in an individualized assessment of the case, the FOD [Field Office Director] must consider as part of his or her evaluation whether a less restrictive housing or custodial option is appropriate, and, in coordination with ICE headquarters when necessary, arrange for utilization of such less restrictive options that are appropriate and available.\u201d It lists four options to be considered, ranging from the return of the detained person to the facility\u2019s general population to their release from ICE custody[15]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Yet ICE\u2019s own records about its practices are notoriously unreliable. In its\u00a02021 report on the use of segregation in ICE facilities<\/a>, the Department of Homeland Security\u2019s Office of the Inspector General found that the agency internally tracked only 11,893 segregation placements, whereas information in the records of individual facilities showed 44,556 segregation placements during the same period. \u201cICE\u2019s own reporting policy prevents transparency about the prevalence of segregation use with Congress and the public,\u201d the researchers concluded.[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Mental illness<\/h2>\n

It is of particular concern that Daniel was held in solitary confinement for such a long time while suffering from what ICE considered a \u201cserious mental illness.\u201d Without access to his medical records, we cannot speculate about the specifics of his condition or ascertain the appropriateness of any treatment received. But from the records available,\u00a0it is clear that his\u00a0detention for prolonged periods in solitary confinement falls far outside what should be considered acceptable under international law, and under ICE\u2019s own policies, for a person the agency itself determined to be afflicted with serious mental illness.<\/p>\n

International standards emphasize the need for particular concern about the detention of individuals with mental illness in solitary confinement. The Nelson Mandela rules state that \u201cThe imposition of solitary confinement should be prohibited in the case of prisoners with mental or physical disabilities when their conditions would be exacerbated by such measures.\u201d[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

ICE\u2019s own rules echo this concern; the agency\u2019s Performance Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS 2011) require that \u201cevery effort shall be made to place detainees with serious mental illness in a setting in or outside of the facility in which appropriate treatment can be provided, rather than an SMU [Special Management Unit], if separation from the general population is necessary.\u201d[18]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0And ICE\u2019s\u00a0segregation directive<\/a>\u00a0goes further, mandating a detailed review and reconsideration process be conducted by the Field Office Director, and reported in writing to national headquarters, on a regular basis in cases where people detained in solitary confinement are known to have \u201cspecial vulnerabilities,\u201d a category which includes mental illness. Specifically, the directive mandates that the Field Office Director consider alternative placements for such individuals, providing a range of options including transfer to other facilities, to hospitals, or release from custody\u00a0in order to\u00a0ensure the well-being of the individual in question[19]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Given the express requirements that these considerations be addressed in writing at multiple levels of ICE leadership, if these rules were followed in the case of Charles Daniel, they would leave ample digital records. Any credible investigation into the circumstances of Mr. Daniel\u2019s death should consult these\u00a0records, if\u00a0they exist.<\/p>\n

As noted above, solitary placements at the NWDC are significantly longer than the national average. This pattern is also true for the subsection of the population with mental illness and serious mental illness. As Table 2 (below) shows, for those with serious mental illness or mental illness, solitary placements at NWDC were two to almost three times as long as nationwide; for those without mental illness (or where data was missing) solitary placements at NWDC were also longer than those nationwide, but to a lesser degree. Furthermore, while nationally, solitary placements of those with mental illness tend to be shorter than for those without, at the NWDC, placements of those with both mental illness and serious mental illness are longer than for those without these illnesses. This suggests the facility uses solitary confinement\u00a0as a means to\u00a0manage mental illness, rather than \u201cas a last resort\u201d as described under ICE\u2019s directive[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Table 2: Comparison of Northwest Detention Center versus national solitary confinement placement lengths by \u201cMental Illness\u201d category, Sept. 2018-Sept. 2023. Data source: ICE SRMS data released via FOIA to PHR\/HLS<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nNational average placement length<\/strong><\/td>\nNWDC average placement length<\/strong><\/td>\nNational median placement length<\/strong><\/td>\nNWDC median placement length<\/strong><\/td>\nNat\u2019l<\/strong>\u00a0total placements<\/strong><\/td>\nNWDC total placements<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Serious Mental Illness<\/td>\n34.45<\/td>\n89.52<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n642<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mental Illness<\/td>\n23.38<\/td>\n66.42<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n2876<\/td>\n90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
None\/NA<\/td>\n27.56<\/td>\n54.45<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n10733<\/td>\n306<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

\"NWDC<\/h3>\n

Medical care<\/h2>\n

The UWCHR has not had access to any records that would shed light on the quality of medical care received by Daniel during his nearly four years at the NWDC, though our\u00a0past research<\/a>\u00a0suggests that medical care is an area of grave concern at this facility. In recent years, research published in leading medicine and public health journals has found that lack of access to quality medical care is a key factor contributing to deaths in ICE custody. For example, upon reviewing records of deaths in ICE custody, Terp et al (2021) concluded that \u201cAmong individuals in ICE detention, potentially preventable causes of death\u2014including COVID-19 infection, influenza and suicide\u2014are responsible for at least half of recent deaths\u201d[21]<\/sup><\/a>; based on similar data, Parmar et al (2021) found \u201cmarkedly substandard care across a majority of cases reviewed.\u201d[22]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Grassini et al (2021) reviewed ICE documents concerning 55 deaths in detention from 2011 to 2018, finding \u201crepeated and systemic failures across multiple areas of health care\u201d; 78.2% of the cases reviewed included documented violations of ICE\u2019s internal standards for medical care[23]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Double punishment<\/h2>\n

ICE lacks the legal authority to hold people on anything but civil immigration charges. This means those held at Northwest Detention Center are held because they are suspected to have violated U.S. immigration law, not because a court has\u00a0ruled\u00a0they constitute a public safety threat. While some, like Daniel, have previously served a criminal sentence, their subsequent transfer to ICE custody is the result of collaborations between ICE and Washington state\u2019s Department of Corrections, not the result of a judicial order that these specific individuals be held. For this reason, human rights advocates consider this a form of \u201cdouble punishment\u201d whereby an individual is imprisoned twice for the same crime[24]<\/sup><\/a>; it disproportionately affects Black immigrants, like Daniel[25]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Lack of transparency and accountability<\/h2>\n

ICE\u2019s record of resistance to public oversight has been amply documented in previous UWCHR research[26]<\/sup><\/a>. At the NWDC, ICE and GEO routinely\u00a0reject requests for information from journalists and researchers<\/a>, and more recently have turned away state\u00a0health and labor inspectors<\/a>\u00a0as well.<\/p>\n

Inquiries by elected officials at the state and federal level have been greeted with the same response \u2013 or lack thereof. In November 2018, for example, following the death by suicide of\u00a0Mergensana\u00a0Amar in the NWDC,[27]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0many elected officials demanded answers and investigations. Congressional Reps. Adam Smith and Pramila Jayapal, and Senators Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell\u00a0wrote to DHS after Amar\u2019s death<\/a>, demanding \u201ctransparency and a thorough understanding of the circumstances and actions taken leading up to Mr. Amar\u2019s death,\u201d and posing a list of specific questions; if they ever received a response, they declined to share it publicly.\u00a0Gov. Jay Inslee,\u00a0simiilarly, wrote to DHS<\/a>\u00a0calling for an independent investigation following Amar\u2019s death. His demand appears to have gone unanswered, as no such investigation took place. Subsequent\u00a0FOIA litigation by watchdog organization American Oversight uncovered disturbing documents<\/a>\u00a0that raise grave questions about the NWDC\u2019s handling of Amar\u2019s case, yet these have never been investigated by any independent agency.<\/p>\n

With equal vigor, other elected officials have asserted the need for answers about ICE\u2019s use of solitary confinement. Sen. Elizabeth Warren sent a\u00a0<\/a>June 21, 2019 letter posing questions to ICE<\/a>\u00a0<\/u>about the use of solitary confinement, but received no response, prompting her to send a\u00a0<\/a>November 1, 2019 follow-up letter<\/a>\u00a0\u201cdemanding answers.\u201d On\u00a0<\/a>October 23, 2019, Sen. Maria Cantwell and Rep. Adam Smith sent a letter to the DHS Office of the Inspector General<\/a>\u00a0demanding an investigation into the use of solitary confinement at the NWDC. No response was made public.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n

Charles Daniel\u2019s death is, without a doubt, tragic. Yet after years of efforts to address abuses at the facility through litigation, lawmaking, and public advocacy, none of us can pretend it is a surprise.<\/p>\n

Today, we must take action to ensure that his death is properly investigated by an independent body with a record of credible and transparent inquiry; that the results of that investigation are made public; and that, together, we use what is learned to inform effective policymaking, and in so doing, to prevent future deaths in ICE custody.<\/p>\n

Members of Congress have a unique ability to compel answers from federal agencies, not through\u00a0strongly-worded\u00a0public letters but through written information requests of the agency\u2019s Congressional liaison. If members of Washington\u2019s Congressional delegation have chosen not to make use of this tool to date, now is the time to start, in the interests of transparency, accountability, and supporting the leadership of Washington communities who are using every tool at our disposal in our effort to stop the abuse of our neighbors.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Next section: Ongoing Concern for TPD Response to Crimes in Immigration Detention \u2192<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n

Notes<\/h2>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The facility, operated by the private prison corporation GEO Group, is also known as the Northwest ICE Processing Center or Tacoma ICE Processing Center.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Lilly Fowler, \u201cICE identifies man found dead at Northwest ICE Processing Center\u201d, KNKX Public Radio, March 8, 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/www.knkx.org\/tacoma\/2024-03-08\/police-find-man-dead-northwest-ice-processing-center-tacoma-immigration-detention<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, \u201cTrinidad and Tobago national in ICE custody dies at NWIPC\u201d, March 11, 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/news\/releases\/trinidad-and-tobago-national-ice-custody-dies-nwipc<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Peter Talbot, \u201cMan found dead in cell at immigration detention center in Tacoma, police say\u201d, March 12, 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/www.columbian.com\/news\/2024\/mar\/12\/man-found-dead-in-cell-at-immigration-detention-center-in-tacoma-police-say\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This dataset was released in UWCHR v. DHS, Case 2:22-cv-1329, FOIA number 2022-ICLI-00060.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0This collection of documents was released in UWCHR v. DHS, ICE Case No. 2:18-CV-01396.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Harvard Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program (HIRCP) and\u00a0Arevik\u00a0Avedian\u00a0at Harvard Law School (HLS), Peeler Immigration Lab (PIL) at Harvard Medical School (HMS), and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), \u2018”Endless Nightmare”: Torture and Inhuman Treatment in Solitary Confinement in U.S. Immigration Detention’, February 26, 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/phr.org\/our-work\/resources\/endless-nightmare-solitary-confinement-in-us-immigration-detention\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0ICE does not use the term \u201csolitary confinement.\u201d Rather, the agency employs terms such as \u201cadministrative segregation,\u201d which is ostensibly not punitive, and \u201cdisciplinary segregation,\u201d used in cases of infractions of facility rules. Other terms used are \u201cmedical isolation,\u201d \u201csegregated housing,\u201d and \u201cspecial management units.\u201d All of these involve the separation of an individual from the general population, sometimes for the individual\u2019s own protection or at their request.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Harvard Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program (HIRCP) and\u00a0Arevik\u00a0Avedian\u00a0at Harvard Law School (HLS), Peeler Immigration Lab (PIL) at Harvard Medical School (HMS), and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), \u2018”Endless Nightmare”: Torture and Inhuman Treatment in Solitary Confinement in U.S. Immigration Detention’, February 26, 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/phr.org\/our-work\/resources\/endless-nightmare-solitary-confinement-in-us-immigration-detention\/<\/a>
\nFor replication data, see\u00a0Ardalan,\u00a0Sabi;\u00a0Avedian,\u00a0Arevik; Torrey, Phil, 2024, “Replication data and analysis for ‘\u201cEndless Nightmare\u201d Torture and Inhuman Treatment in Solitary Confinement in U.S. Immigration Detention'”.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/AT7YFA<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Replication data for the PHR report shows that the authors excluded records of ongoing confinement from their published analysis, with the intent of reporting data on completed stays only. As a result, ongoing stays including Daniel\u2019s are not noted in the PHR report\u2019s list of long solitary placements, and overall figures differ slightly from UWCHR\u2019s analysis, which includes ongoing stays. For UWCHR\u2019s full analysis, see:\u00a0https:\/\/uwchr.github.io\/nwdc-seg\/phr-srms.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0According to\u00a0ICE\u2019s policy directive on the use of segregation<\/a>, the placement of a person without \u201cspecial vulnerabilities\u201d in segregation for a period less than 14 days does not need to be recorded in the agency\u2019s SRMS database; this means that many placements for shorter periods may go entirely unreported. The Department of Homeland Security\u2019s Office of the Inspector General criticized ICE\u2019s failure to report many segregation placements in\u00a0an October 2021 report<\/a>, which recommended that ICE begin tracking all segregation placements. ICE agreed with this recommendation and committed to instituting a new policy to track all segregation placements by an \u201cestimated completion date\u201d of August 2022. It is unclear if this has occurred.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0UN General Assembly resolution 70\/175, annex,\u00a0<\/a>The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules)<\/a>, adopted on 17 December 2015. Rule 43, paragraph 1:\u00a0<\/a>The United Nations Standards of rules for the treatment of prisoners (\u201cNelson Mandela Rules\u201d)<\/a>. Rule 43, paragraphs 1-2.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0For more on ICE\u2019s commitment to update its segregation directive, see\u00a0the agency\u2019s 2021 response to the 2021 OIG Report on its use of segregation<\/a>, p. 12. https:\/\/www.oig.dhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/assets\/2021-10\/OIG-22-01-Oct21.pdf<\/p>\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Ses\u00a0section 5.3 \u201cField Office Reports to ICE Headquarters,\u201d in\u00a011065.1: Review of the Use of Segregation for ICE Detainees<\/a>, pp. 7-9.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/doclib\/detention-reform\/pdf\/segregation_directive.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0See\u00a011065.1: Review of the Use of Segregation for ICE Detainees<\/a>, p. 5. https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/doclib\/detention-reform\/pdf\/segregation_directive.pdf<\/p>\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0See Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General, \u201cICE Needs to Improve Its Oversight of Segregation Use in Detention Facilities,\u201d OIG-22-01, October 13, 2021, p. 10.\u00a0https:\/\/www.oig.dhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/assets\/2021-10\/OIG-22-01-Oct21.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0The United Nations Standards of rules for the treatment of prisoners (\u201cNelson Mandela Rules\u201d). Rule 45, paragraph 2.\u00a0https:\/\/undocs.org\/A\/RES\/70\/175<\/a><\/p>\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0ICE,\u00a0PBNDS 2011<\/a>, p. 172.\u00a0https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/doclib\/detention-standards\/2011\/pbnds2011r2016.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0See 5.2.6.d. of ICE\u2019s\u00a011065.1: Review of the Use of Segregation for ICE Detainees<\/a>, p.7. https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/doclib\/detention-reform\/pdf\/segregation_directive.pdf<\/p>\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0See ICE\u2019s\u00a011065.1: Review of the Use of Segregation for ICE Detainees<\/a>, p.1. https:\/\/www.ice.gov\/doclib\/detention-reform\/pdf\/segregation_directive.pdf<\/p>\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0See Terp S, Ahmed S, Burner E, Ross M, Grassini M, Fischer B, Parmar P. Deaths in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention: FY2018-2020. AIMS Public Health. 2021 Jan 11;8(1):81-89.\u00a010.3934\/publichealth.2021006<\/a>;<\/p>\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Parmar P, Ross M, Terp S,\u00a0Kearl\u00a0N, Fischer B, and Grassini N, et al. Mapping factors associated with deaths in immigration detention in the United States, 2011-2018: A thematic analysis. The Lancet Regional Health Americas Vol 2 100040 Oct 2021<\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100040<\/a><\/p>\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Grassini M, Terp S, Fischer B, et al, \u201cCharacteristics of Deaths Among Individuals in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detention Facilities, 2011-2018\u201d,\u00a0JAMA\u00a0Netw\u00a0Open.<\/em>\u00a02021;4(7):e2116019. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.16019<\/p>\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0See for example Vera Institute of Justice, \u201cDetention of Immigrants\u201d, accessed March 14, 2024:\u00a0https:\/\/www.vera.org\/ending-mass-incarceration\/reducing-incarceration\/detention-of-immigrants<\/a>; and see also Naomi\u00a0Vanderlip, \u201c’Double Punishment’: Thousands of Southeast Asian Refugees Face Deportation After Decades-Old Convictions\u201d, KQED, November 27, 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/www.kqed.org\/news\/11966564\/double-punishment-thousands-of-southeast-asian-refugees-face-deportation-after-decades-old-convictions<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Those who knew him in detention have reported that Daniel was Black; ICE detention records released to UWCHR in litigation confirm this. On the \u201cdouble punishment\u201d of Black people in immigration detention, see Jeremy Raff, \u201cThe ‘Double Punishment’ for Black Undocumented Immigrants\u201d, The Atlantic, December 30, 2017.\u00a0https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2017\/12\/the-double-punishment-for-black-immigrants\/549425\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0See especially\u00a0https:\/\/jsis.washington.edu\/humanrights\/2020\/03\/27\/nwdc-background-methodology-human-rights-standards\/<\/a>\u00a0and other reports in our eight-part series on the NWDC, and\u00a0https:\/\/jsis.washington.edu\/humanrights\/2018\/12\/05\/secret-police\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Nina Shapiro and Paul Roberts, \u201cMedical examiner says Russian detainee in Tacoma died after suicide attempt, not from hunger strike\u201d, Seattle Times, November 26, 2018.\u00a0https:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/seattle-news\/ice-says-russian-detainee-in-tacoma-had-attempted-suicide-disputes-claim-he-died-of-hunger-strike\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This report is part of a series regarding Human Rights Conditions at the Northwest Detention Center in Tacoma, Washington, based on ongoing research efforts and released to highlight initial findings in the urgent context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contents: \u2022 Introduction \u2022 Background, Methodology, and Human Rights Standards \u2022 Sanitation of Food and Laundry \u2022<\/p>\n

Read more<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":675,"featured_media":7956,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[433,341,13,362,15,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7951","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2023-2024","category-nwdc-conditions","category-human-rights-at-home","category-immigrant-rights-observatory","category-news","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNWDC Conditions Research Update: Charles Leo Daniel\u2019s Death at NWDC in Context - Center for Human Rights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jsis.washington.edu\/humanrights\/2024\/03\/15\/nwdc-conditions-research-update-daniel-death-in-context\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NWDC Conditions Research Update: Charles Leo Daniel\u2019s Death at NWDC in Context - Center for Human Rights\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This report is part of a series regarding Human Rights Conditions at the Northwest Detention Center in Tacoma, Washington, based on ongoing research efforts and released to highlight initial findings in the urgent context of the COVID-19 pandemic. 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